Spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity and the driving factors of cultivated land in Xinjiang, China

Yue Zhang, Huichun Ye, Ronghao Liu, Chaojia Nie, Mingyao Tang, Yuanfang Huang, Hongye Wang, Xiaoshu Zhao, Weini Wang, Zhijun Lyu

Abstract


Soil salinization poses a major challenge to agricultural production, food security, and sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. Effectively addressing this issue requires a thorough understanding of the spatiotemporal variations in soil salinity and its driving factors. This study investigates soil salinity in Xinjiang, China, using geostatistical methods to analyze its spatial distribution in cultivated lands across the region and its southern and northern sub-regions in 2021. Additionally, it examines the spatiotemporal changes in soil salinity from 2011 to 2021 in Bachu County (southern Xinjiang) and Nileke County (northern Xinjiang), which serve as representative areas. The results showed that in 2021, soil salinity across Xinjiang ranged from 0.1 to 27.7 g/kg, with an average of 2.8 g/kg and a coefficient of variation of 130.4%, indicating significant variability. Soil salinity levels were higher in southern Xinjiang (3.8 g/kg) compared to northern Xinjiang (2.0 g/kg), showing a spatial trend of “increasing salinity from north to south.” Key drivers of spatial variation included available potassium, mean annual precipitation, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, elevation, and soil pH. Between 2011 and 2021, soil salinity in cultivated lands increased significantly by 2.0 g/kg in Bachu County, while it decreased by 4.2 g/kg in Nileke County, with these changes mainly influenced by climatic factors such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, and surface temperature. These findings provide critical insights and data support for monitoring and managing soil salinization in Xinjiang, offering valuable guidance for improving agricultural sustainability in the region.
Key words: soil salinization; spatial-temporal variation; driving factors; Xinjiang
DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20251802.9486

Citation: Zhang Y, Ye H C, Liu R H, Nie C J, Tang M Y, Huang Y F, et al. Spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity and the driving factors of cultivated land in Xinjiang, China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2025; 18(2): 197–207.

Keywords


soil salinization; spatial-temporal variation; driving factors; Xinjiang

Full Text:

PDF

References


Omar M M, Shitindi M J, Massawe B H J, Fue K G, Pedersen O, Meliyo J L. Exploring farmers’ perception, knowledge, and management techniques of salt-affected soils to enhance rice production on small land holdings in Tanzania. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2022; 8(1). doi: 10.1080/23311932.2022.2140470.

Metternicht G I, Zinck J A. Remote sensing of soil salinity: Potentials and constraints. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2003; 85(1): 1–20.

Hu Y, Yang F, Yang N, Jia W, Cui Y. Analysis and prospects of saline-alkali land in China from the perspective of utilization. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2023; 54(2): 489–494. (in Chinese)

Yang J S, Yao R J, Wang X P, Xie W P, Zhang X, Zhu W, et al. Research on salt affected soils in China: History, status quo and prospect. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2022; 59(1): 10–27. (in Chinese)

Yu J B, Li Y Z, Han G X, Zhou D, Fu Y Q, Guan B, et al. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in coastal zone of the Yellow River Delta. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014; 72(2): 589–599.

Stavi I, Thevs N, Priori S. Soil salinity and sodicity in drylands: A review of causes, effects, monitoring, and restoration measures. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2021; 9. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.712831.

Zheng Z, Zhang F R, Ma F Y, Chai X R, Zhu Z Q, Shi J L, et al. Spatiotemporal changes in soil salinity in a drip-irrigated field. Geoderma, 2009; 149(3-4): 243–248.

Xie W P, Yang J S, Yao R J, Wang X P. Spatial and temporal variability of soil salinity in the Yangtze River estuary using electromagnetic induction. Remote Sensing, 2021; 13(10): 1875.

Wang Y G, Deng C Y, Liu Y, Niu Z R, Li Y. Identifying change in spatial accumulation of soil salinity in an inland river watershed, China. Science of the Total Environment, 2018; 621: 177–185.

Li X, Du H R, Zhang X L. Spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity and moisture and its influence on agricultural irrigation in the Ili River Valley, China. Sustainability, 2019; 11(24): 7142.

Benslama A, Khanchoul K, Benbrahim F, Boubehziz S, Chikhi F, Navarro-Pedreño J. Monitoring the variations of soil salinity in a palm grove in southern Algeria. Sustainability, 2020; 12(15): 6117.

Cemek B, Güler M, Kilic K, Demir Y, Arslan H. Assessment of spatial variability in some soil properties as related to soil salinity and alkalinity in Bafra plain in northern Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2007; 124: 223–234.

Wu Y, Wang Y X, Xie X J. Spatial occurrence and geochemistry of soil salinity in Datong basin, northern China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014; 14: 1445–1455.

Zhao Y, Feng Q, Lu A G, Deo R C. Assessment of soil salinisation in the Ejina Oasis located in the lower reaches of Heihe River, Northwestern China. Chemistry and Ecology, 2019; 35(4): 330–343.

Szatmári G, Bakacsi Z, Laborczi A, Petrik O, Pataki R, Tóth T, et al. Elaborating Hungarian segment of the global map of salt-affected soils (GSSmap): National contribution to an international initiative. Remote Sensing, 2020; 12(24): 4073.

Emadi M, Shahriari A R, Sadegh-Zadeh F, Jalili Seh-Bardan B, Dindarlou A. Geostatistics-based spatial distribution of soil moisture and temperature regime classes in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2016; 62(4): 502–522.

Jiang X M, Ma Y W, Li G, Huang W, Zhao H Y, Cao G M, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of soil salt ions in Tumushuke City, Xinjiang. Sustainability, 2022; 14(24): 16486.

Zhang X G, Lai H Y, Li X L, Li S M, Cui D J. Spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity in Kenli County of the Yellow River delta area in recent ten years. Yellow River, 2019; 41(4): 64–68. (in Chinese)

Liu W Q, Lu F, Xu X Y, Chen G Q, Fu T F, Su Q. Spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity during dry and wet seasons in the southern coastal area of Laizhou Bay, China. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 2020; 49(2): 260–270.

Chen X B, Yang J S, Liu C Q, Hu S J. Soil salinization under integrated agriculture and its countermeasures in Xinjiang. Soils, 2007; 39(3): 347–353. (in Chinese)

Zhang Y L, Long A H, Lv T B, Deng X Y, Wang Y Y, Pang N, et al. Trends, cycles, and spatial distribution of the precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and aridity index in Xinjiang, China. Water, 2023; 15(1): 62.

Wang G Y, Mao J F, Fan L L, Ma X X, Li Y M. Effects of climate and grazing on the soil organic carbon dynamics of the grasslands in Northern Xinjiang during the past twenty years. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2022; 34: e02039.

Li Q H, Chen Y N, Shen Y J, Li X G, Xu J H. Spatial and temporal trends of climate change in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2011; 21(6): 1007–1018.

Sheng Y. Spatio-temporal evolution and zoning control of sustainableuse of cultivated land in Xinjiang. PhD dissertation. Xinjiang: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2023; 198p. (in Chinese)

Yang J, Huang X. The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019. Earth System Science Data, 2021; 13(8): 3907–3925.

Bogunovic I, Pereira P, Brevik E C. Spatial distribution of soil chemical properties in an organic farm in Croatia. Science of the Total Environment, 2017; 584: 535–545.

Yan P, Peng H, Yan L B, Zhang S Y, Chen A M, Lin K R. Spatial variability in soil pH and land use as the main influential factor in the red beds of the Nanxiong Basin, China. PeerJ, 2019; 7. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6342.

Wan Y L, Xu H, Zhu Y, Chen F Y, ZHANG Y Y, CAO B, et al. Research on carbon emission prediction and peak path of cement industry based on BP neural network model: A case study of Xuzhou. Coal Geology of China, 2024; 36(6): 63–67. (in Chinese)

Wang J F, Xu C D. Geodetector: Principle and prospective. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017; 72(1): 116–134.

Han Z, Weng X, Zhou Y, Hang J, Chen H, Gu W. Spatiotemporal distribution and influencing factors of carbon stocks in Chongming coastal wetland. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2024: 1–9. (in Chinese)

Keskin H, Grunwald S, Harris W G. Digital mapping of soil carbon fractions with machine learning. Geoderma, 2019; 339: 40–58.

Gao P L, Ren D L, Li C H, Feng Z Q, Miao H Y, Qiao L, et al. Predicting the spatial distribution of soil organic matter using the model consisting of the Boruta algorithm and the optimized GA combined with the geostatistical method. Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, 2024; 48(03): 747–758. (in Chinese)

Zhang Y, Wu H Q, Kang Y L, Fan Y M, Wang S S, Liu Z, et al. Mapping the soil salinity distribution and analyzing its spatial and temporal changes in Bachu County, Xinjiang, based on google earth engine and machine learning. Agriculture, 2024; 14(4): 630.

Zhao L, Wang M S, Zhao W Z, Sun Y, Liu J. Analysis of spatial variation characteristics and influencing factors of soil salinity in Panzhuang irrigation districts along the Yellow River. Journal of University of Jinan, 2024; 38(6): 690–696. (in Chinese)

Uwiragiye Y, Khalaf Q A W, Ali H M, Ngaba M J Y, Yang M X, Elrys A S, et al. Spatio-temporal variations in soil pH and aluminum toxicity in sub-Saharan African croplands (1980-2050). Remote Sensing, 2023; 15(5): 1338.

Cambardella C A, Moorman T B, Novak J M, Parkin T B, Karlen D L, Turco R F, et al. Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1994; 58(5): 1501–1511.

Wan H Y, Qi H W, Shang S H. Ordinary kriging interpolation and smoothing effect correction for soil texture mapping in Hetao irrigation district. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2023; 54(1): 339–350. (in Chinese)

Lu H L, Zhao M S, Liu B Y, Zhang P, Lu L M. Predictive mapping of soil pH in Anhui Province based on Boruta-support vector regression. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2019; 35(5): 66–72. (in Chinese)

Zhuang Q W, Wu S X, Yang Y, Niu Y X, Yan Y Y. Spatiotemporal characteristics of different degrees of salinized cultivated land in Xinjiang in recent ten years. Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021; 38(3): 341–349. (in Chinese)

Zheng Z Y, Ma Z G, Li M X, Xia J J. Regional water budgets and hydroclimatic trend variations in Xinjiang from 1951 to 2000. Climatic Change, 2017; 144(3): 447–460.

Pu Z C, Zhang S Q, Wang S L, Zhou X L, Feng Z M. The spatial-temporal variation characteristic of dry-wet climate in recent 48 years in Xinjiang Province, China. Journal of Desert Research, 2011; 31(6): 1563–1572. (in Chinese)

Yan H Y, Yuan Z, Zhang C J, Guo T F, Jiang Y H, Xu H, et al. The spatial distribution characteristics and fertility assessment of soil nutrients in jujube-producing regions in southern Xinjiang. Non-wood Forest Research, 2024; 42(2): 257–266. (in Chinese)

Fei Z J. Evaluation and investigation of soil nutrients and farmland fertility in Wenquan County of Bozhou. Master dissertation. Xinjiang: Shihezi University, 2016; 35p. (in Chinese)

Zhang X P, Zhang F F, Wang D X, Fan J X, Hu Y N, Kang H B, et al. Effects of vegetation, terrain and soil layer depth on eight soil chemical properties and soil fertility based on hybrid methods at urban forest scale in a typical loess hilly region of China. PLoS ONE, 2018; 13(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205661.

Du X J, Yan B W, Xu K, Wang S Y, Gao Z D, Ren X Q, et al. Research progress on water-salt transport theories and models in saline-alkali soil. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2021; 52(3): 713–721. (in Chinese)

Zuo L N, Chen J, Zhang H, Liu Y H, Sheng J D, Zhang K, et al. Patterns and drivers of soil pH on the Xinjiang temperate steppe. Pratacultural Science, 2022; 39(7): 1341–1353. (in Chinese)

Pu Z C, Zhang S Q, Wang S L, Li J L, Liu M, Sun Y Q. Study on the change of annual potential evapotranspiration in the Tianshan mountainous in recent 36 years and its comparison with that in South Xinjiang and North Xinjiang. Arid Zone Research, 2009; 26(3): 424–432. (in Chinese)

Wang D, Hu J L. Analysis on the variation characteristics of temperature and precipitation in Northern and Southern Xinjiang from 1981 to 2020. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2022; 50(24): 214–219,240. (in Chinese)

Acosta J A, Faz A, Jansen B, Kalbitz K, Martínez-Martínez S. Assessment of salinity status in intensively cultivated soils under semiarid climate, Murcia, SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments, 2011; 75(11): 1056–1066.

Liu Z X, Gao Z J, Bai X L, Zhang B Y, Yang L L, Zhi J H. Spatial distribution and correlation of soil salinity and available nutrients in cotton area of upper reaches of Tarim River. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2024; 42(3): 206–213. (in Chinese)

Yin C H, Feng G, Zhang F S, Tian C Y, Tang C X. Enrichment of soil fertility and salinity by tamarisk in saline soils on the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert. Agricultural Water Management, 2010; 97(12): 1978–1986.

Sun J, Xia J B, Zhao X M, Gao F L, Zhao W L, Xing X S, et al. Enrichment of soil nutrients and salt ions with different salinities under Tamarix chinensis shrubs in the Yellow River Delta. Catena, 2023; 232: 107433.

Chen W P, Hou Z A, Wu L S, Liang Y C, Wei C Z. Effects of salinity and nitrogen on cotton growth in arid environment. Plant and Soil, 2010; 326(1-2): 61–73.

Zhu H Y, Gan B, Xu J, Liang F, Zhou B, Sun Y, et al. Effect of soil salinity on nitrogen transformation in soil with nitrogen fertilizer application. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2023; 21(6): 5625–5642.

Han J P, Shi J C, Zeng L Z, Xu J M, Wu L S. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the acidity and salinity of greenhouse soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015; 22(4): 2976–2986.

Singh A. Salinization of agricultural lands due to poor drainage: A viewpoint. Ecological Indicators, 2018; 95: 127–130.

Zhang J Z, Zhou L R, Ma X F. The effect on salinity of facilities soil by different manure treatment. Territory & Natural Resources Study, 2009; 3: 35–36. (in Chinese)

Zhang M Y, Yang H C, Zhang F H, Luo Y Q, Yu S C, Sun J, et al. Effects of different straw returning methods on changes of soil structure in saline-alkali soil. Water Saving Irrigation, 2022; 5: 65–70. (in Chinese)

Chang F D, Wang X Q, Song J S, Zhang H Y, Yu R, Wang J, et al. Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year in a saline soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023; 22(6): 1870–1882.

Zhang M M, Dong B D, Qiao Y Z, Yang H, Wang Y K, Liu M Y. Effects of sub-soil plastic film mulch on soil water and salt content and water utilization by winter wheat under different soil salinities. Field Crops Research, 2018; 225: 130–140.

Guo X Y, Wang H, Yu Q, Wang R, Wang X L, Li J. Effects of tillage on soil moisture and yield of wheat-maize rotation field in Weibei upland plateau. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021; 54(14): 2977–2990. (in Chinese)




Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2023-2026 Copyright IJABE Editing and Publishing Office